Walt--The ruler is actually an enlarged paper copy ( can't remember- maybe 200%)- of an actual measuring device, so it makes the engines appear smaller though they are 1:220--Z!! Again- it was the cat's idea;-)

There is one other conundrum (devil) ;-)

It means Fred has a very good understanding of perspective as its a nice play on perspective. The 2 sets of locomotives in the foreground are real. The 2 sets in the background are an image in the actual background in the photo. The perspective lines of all 4 locomotives match up almost perfectly but not exactly perfect (Sorry Fred for my 4 years of mandatory perspective drawing classes 20 years ago...). The lines on the roofs all look to have the same vanishing points (in this 3 point perspective image). But the railroad ties definitely do not... If you just look at the ties you can quickly see it does not look like they are not sitting on the same plane. Its as if the two locomotives in the background are sitting on a flat plane and the two locomotives in the foreground need to be on a plane angling down towards you in order for it to make sense... IF that were true, it would be physically impossible for the roofs to share the same vanishing points. <br /><br />Plus the lighting does not match up... You can see a dark horizontal line behind the second locomotive in the foreground that does not belong there. You could argue that's the side of elevation plane but then going back to my original observation, the vanishing points don't add up....